[] Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a in which the flow of is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually. According to Watkins et al., stuttering is a disorder of 'selection, initiation, and execution of motor sequences necessary for fluent speech production.'
For many people who stutter, repetition is the primary problem. The term 'stuttering' covers a wide range of severity, encompassing barely perceptible impediments that are largely cosmetic to severe that effectively prevent. In the world, approximately four times as many men as women stutter, encompassing 70 million people worldwide, or about 1% of the world's population. The impact of stuttering on a person's functioning and emotional state can be severe. This may include fears of having to specific vowels or consonants, fears of being caught stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, being a possible target of bullying (especially in children), having to use word substitution and rearrange words in a sentence to hide stuttering, or a feeling of 'loss of control' during speech. Stuttering is sometimes popularly seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is actually no direct correlation in that direction (though as mentioned the inverse can be true, as social anxiety may actually develop in individuals as a result of their stuttering).
[ ] Stuttering is generally not a problem with the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in and high (chronic nervousness and stress) that reduce the amount of acute stress necessary to trigger stuttering in any given person who stutters, exacerbating the problem in the manner of a system; the name 'stuttered speech syndrome' has been proposed for this condition. Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering. The disorder is also variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more severe or less, depending on whether or not the stutterer is self-conscious about their stuttering. Stutterers often find that their stuttering fluctuates and that they have 'good' days, 'bad' days and 'stutter-free' days.
The times in which their stuttering fluctuates can be random. Although the exact, or cause, of stuttering is unknown, both and are thought to contribute.
There are many treatments and techniques available that may help decrease in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot identify a problem; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present. The severity of the person's stuttering would correspond to the amount of speech therapy needed to decrease disfluency.
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For severe stuttering, long-term therapy and hard work is required to decrease disfluency. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Characteristics [ ] Primary behaviors [ ] Primary stuttering behaviors are the overt, observable signs of speech disfluencies, including repeating sounds, syllables, words or phrases, silent blocks and prolongation of sounds. These differ from the normal dysfluencies found in all speakers in that stuttering dysfluencies may last longer, occur more frequently, and are produced with more effort and strain. Stuttering dysfluencies also vary in quality: common dysfluencies tend to be repeated movements, fixed postures, or superfluous behaviors.
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Each of these three categories is composed of subgroups of stutters and dysfluencies. • Repeated movements • Part-word repetition—a single segment of a word is repeated (for example: s-s-stuttering!) or a part of a word which is still a full syllable such as 'un—un—under the.'
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And 'o—o—open'. • Incomplete syllable repetition—an incomplete syllable is repeated, such as a consonant without a vowel, for example, 'c—c—c—cold'.
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• Whole-word repetition—a whole word, or more than one word is repeated, such as 'I know—I know—I know a lot of information.' • Fixed postures • Prolongation—prolongation of a sound occurs such as 'mmmmmmmmmom'. • Block—such as a block of speech or a tense pause where nothing is said despite efforts. • Superfluous behaviors • Interjections—this includes an interjection such as an unnecessary uh or um as well as revisions, such as going back and correcting one's initial statements such as 'I—My girlfriend.' , where the I has been corrected to the word my. • Secondary characteristics—these are visible or audible speech behaviors, such as lip smacking, throat clearing, head thrusting, etc., usually representing an effort to break through or circumvent a block or stuttering loop.
Variability [ ] The severity of a stutter is often not constant even for people who severely stutter. People who stutter commonly report dramatically decreased disfluency when talking in unison with another speaker, copying another's speech, whispering, singing, and acting or when talking to pets, young children, or themselves. Other situations, such as public speaking and speaking on the telephone, are often greatly feared by people who stutter, and increased stuttering is reported. Feelings and attitudes [ ] Stuttering could have a significant negative cognitive and affective impact on the person who stutters. It has been described in terms of the to an, with the immediately visible and audible symptoms of stuttering above the and a broader set of symptoms such as negative hidden below the surface.
Feelings of,,,,, and are frequent in people who stutter, and may actually increase tension and effort, leading to increased stuttering. With time, continued exposure to difficult speaking experiences may crystallize into a negative self-concept and self-image.
Many perceive stutterers as less intelligent due to their disfluency; however, as a group, individuals who stutter tend to be of above average intelligence. A person who stutters may project his or her attitudes onto others, believing that they think he or she is nervous or stupid. Such negative feelings and attitudes may need to be a major focus of a treatment program. Many people who stutter report a high cost, including jobs or not received, as well as broken or not pursued. Fluency and disfluency [ ] Linguistic tasks can invoke. People who stutter may experience varying disfluency. Tasks that trigger disfluency usually require a controlled-language processing, which involves linguistic planning.
In stuttering, it is seen that many individuals do not demonstrate disfluencies when it comes to tasks that allow for automatic processing without substantial planning. For example, singing 'Happy Birthday' or other relatively common, repeated linguistic discourses, could be fluid in people who stutter. Tasks like this reduce semantic, syntactic, and prosodic planning, whereas spontaneous, 'controlled' speech or reading aloud requires thoughts to transform into linguistic material and thereafter and. Some researchers hypothesize that controlled-language activated circuitry consistently does not function properly in people who stutter, whereas people who do not stutter only sometimes display disfluent speech and abnormal circuitry. Causes [ ] No single, exclusive cause of developmental stuttering is known. A variety of hypotheses and theories suggests multiple factors contributing to stuttering. Among these is the strong evidence that stuttering has a genetic basis.
Children who have first-degree relatives who stutter are three times as likely to develop a stutter. However, and adoption studies suggest that genetic factors interact with environmental factors for stuttering to occur, and many people who stutter have no family history of the disorder. There is evidence that stuttering is more common in children who also have concurrent speech, language, learning or motor difficulties. Robert West, a pioneer of genetic studies in stuttering, has suggested that the presence of stuttering is connected to the fact that articulated speech is the last major acquisition in human evolution.
Another view is that a stutter (stammer) is a complex tic. This view is held for the following reasons.
It always arises from repetition of sounds or words. Young children like repetition and the more tense they are feeling, the more they like this outlet for their tension – an understandable and quite normal reaction. They are capable of repeating all types of behaviour. The more tension that is felt, the less one likes change. The more change, the greater can be the repetition. So, when a 3 year old finds he has a new baby brother or sister he may start repeating sounds.
The repetitions can become conditioned and automatic and ensuing struggles against the repetitions result in prolongations and blocks in his speech. More boys stammer than girls, in the ratio of 3–4 boys: 1 girl. This is because the male is more active. Whilst they are pumping out more than females under the same provocation, they can be tense or anxious and become repetitive. In a 2010 article, three genes were found to correlate with stuttering:,, and.
Researchers estimated that alterations in these three genes were present in 9% of people who stutter who have a family history of stuttering. For some people who stutter, congenital factors may play a role. These may include physical trauma at or around birth, learning disabilities, as well as. In other people who stutter, there could be added impact due to stressful situations such as the birth of a sibling, moving, or a sudden growth in linguistic ability. There is clear empirical evidence for structural and functional differences in the brains of people who stutter. Research is complicated somewhat by the possibility that such differences could be the consequences of stuttering rather than a cause, but recent research on older children confirms structural differences thereby giving strength to the argument that at least some of the differences are not a consequence of stuttering.
Auditory processing deficits have also been proposed as a cause of stuttering. Stuttering is less prevalent in deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals, and stuttering may be reduced when auditory feedback is altered, such as by, (DAF), or frequency altered feedback. There is some evidence that the functional organization of the auditory cortex may be different in people who stutter.
There is evidence of differences in linguistic processing between people who stutter and people who do not stutter. Brain scans of adult people who stutter have found increased activation of the right hemisphere, which is associated with emotions, than in the left hemisphere, which is associated with speech. In addition, reduced activation in the left auditory cortex has been observed. The capacities and demands model has been proposed to account for the heterogeneity of the disorder. In this approach, speech performance varies depending on the capacity that the individual has for producing fluent speech, and the demands placed upon the person by the speaking situation.
Capacity for fluent speech may be affected by a predisposition to the disorder, auditory processing or motor speech deficits, and or issues. Demands may be increased by internal factors such as lack of confidence or or inadequate language skills or external factors such as, time pressure, stressful speaking situations, insistence on perfect speech, and the like. In stuttering, the severity of the disorder is seen as likely to increase when demands placed on the person's speech and language system exceed their capacity to deal with these pressures. However, the precise nature of the capacity or incapacity has not been delineated.
Mechanism [ ] Physiology [ ] Though neuroimaging studies have not yet found specific neural correlates, there is much evidence that the brains of adults who stutter differ from the brains of adults who do not stutter. Several neuroimaging studies have emerged to identify areas associated with stuttering.
In general, during stuttering, cerebral activities change dramatically in comparison to silent rest or fluent speech between people who stutter and people who do not stutter. There is evidence that people who stutter activate motor programs before the articulatory or linguistic processing is initiated. Brain imaging studies have primarily been focused on adults.
However, the neurological abnormalities found in adults does not determine whether childhood stuttering caused these abnormalities or whether the abnormalities cause stuttering. Studies utilizing (PET) have found during tasks that invoke disfluent speech, people who stutter show in cortical areas associated with language processing, such as, but hyperactivity in areas associated with motor function. One such study that evaluated the stutter period found that there was over activation in the cerebrum and cerebellum, and relative deactivation of the left hemisphere auditory areas and frontal temporal regions. (fMRI) has found abnormal activation in the right frontal operculum (RFO), which is an area associated with time-estimation tasks, occasionally incorporated in complex speech. Researchers have explored temporal cortical activations by utilizing (MEG). In single-word-recognition tasks, people who do not stutter showed cortical activation first in areas, then in left inferior-frontal regions such as Broca’s area, and finally, in motor and premotor cortices.
The people who stutter also first had cortical activation in the occipital areas but the left inferior-frontal regions were activated only after the motor and premotor cortices were activated. During speech production, people who stutter show overactivity in the anterior insula, cerebellum and bilateral midbrain. They show underactivity in the ventral premotor, Rolandic opercular and sensorimotor cortex bilaterally and Heschl’s gyrus in the left hemisphere. Additionally, speech production in people who stutter yields underactivity in cortical motor and premotor areas. Abnormal lateralization [ ] Much evidence from neuroimaging techniques has supported the theory that the right hemisphere of people who stutter interferes with left-hemisphere speech production. Adults who stutter have anatomical differences in gyri within the perisylvian frontotemporal areas. A large amount of white matter is found in the right hemisphere of the brain, including the region of the superior temporal gyrus.
This was discovered using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). On the other hand, lesser amounts of white matter are found in the left inferior arcuate fasciculus connecting the temporal and frontal areas in stuttering adults. Results have shown that there is less coordination between the speech motor and planning regions in the brain's left hemisphere of men and women who stutter, when compared to a non-stuttering control group. Anatomical connectivity of the speech motor and planning regions is less vigorous in adults who stutter, especially women.
Men who stutter seem to have more right-sided motor connectivity. On the other hand, stuttering women have less connectivity with the right motor regions. In non-stuttering, normal speech, PET scans show that both hemispheres are active but that the left hemisphere may be more active. By contrast, people who stutter yield more activity on the right hemisphere, suggesting that it might be interfering with left-hemisphere speech production. Another comparison of scans anterior forebrain regions are disproportionately active in stuttering subjects, while post-rolandic regions are relatively inactive. Bilateral increases and unusual right-left asymmetry has been found in the when comparing people who stutter and people who do not stutter. These studies have also found that there are anatomical differences in the and.
Other anatomical differences [ ] The corpus callosum transfers information between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum, rostrum, and the anterior mid-body sections are larger in adults who stutter as compared to normally fluent adults.
This difference may be due to unusual functions of brain organization in stuttering adults and may be a result of how the stuttering adults performed language-relevant tasks. Furthermore, previous research has found that adults who stutter show cerebral hemispheres that contain uncommon brain proportions and allocations of gray and white matter tissue. Dopamine [ ] Recent studies have found that adults who stutter have elevated levels of the neurotransmitter, and have thus found that reduce stuttering (see anti-stuttering medication below). Overactivity of the midbrain has been found at the level of the substantia nigra extended to the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus, which all contribute to the production of dopamine. However, increased dopamine does not imply increased excitatory function since dopamine's effect can be both excitatory or inhibitory depending upon which dopamine receptors (labelled D1 – D5) have been stimulated. Diagnosis [ ] Some characteristics of stuttered speech are not as easy for listeners to detect.
As a result, diagnosing stuttering requires the skills of a certified speech-language pathologist (SLP). Diagnosis of stuttering employs information both from direct observation of the individual and information about the individual’s background, through a case history. Information from both sources should span multiple, various settings and times. The SLP may collect a case history on the individual through a detailed interview or conversation with the parents (if client is a child).
They may also observe parent-child interactions and observe the speech patterns of the child's parents. The overall goal of assessment for the SLP will be (1) to determine whether a speech disfluency exists, and (2) assess if its severity warrants concern for further treatment. During direct observation of the client, the SLP will observe various aspects of the individual’s speech behaviors. In particular, the therapist might test for factors including the types of disfluencies present (using a test such as the Dysfluency Type Index (DTI)), their frequency and duration (number of iterations, percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS)), and speaking rate (syllables per minute (SPM), words per minute (WPM)).
They may also test for naturalness and fluency in speaking (naturalness rating scale (NAT), test of childhood stuttering (TOCS)) and physical concomitants during speech ( Riley’s Stuttering Severity Instrument Fourth Edition (SSI-4)). They might also employ a test to evaluate the severity of the stuttering and predictions for its course. One such test includes the stuttering prediction instrument for young children (SPI), which analyzes the child’s case history, part-word repetitions and prolongations, and stuttering frequency in order to determine the severity of the disfluency and its prognosis for chronicity for the future. Stuttering is a multifaceted, complex disorder that can impact an individual’s life in a variety of ways.
Children and adults are monitored and evaluated for evidence of possible social, psychological or emotional signs of stress related to their disorder. Some common assessments of this type measure factors including: anxiety (Endler multidimensional anxiety scales (EMAS)), attitudes (personal report of communication apprehension (PRCA)), perceptions of self (stutterers’ self-rating of reactions to speech situations (SSRSS)), quality of life (overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering (OASES)), behaviors (older adult self-report (OASR)), and mental health (composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI)). The SLP will then attempt to combine the information garnered from the client's case study along with the information acquired from the assessments in order to make a final decision regarding the existence of a fluency disorder and determine the best course of treatment for the client.
Stuttering can also diagnosed per the DSM-5 diagnostic codes by clinical psychologists with adequate expertise. The most recent version of the DSM-5 describes this speech disorder as 'Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)' for developmental stuttering, and 'Adult-onset Fluency Disorder'. However, the specific rationale for this change from the DSM-IV is ill-documented in the APA's published literature, and is felt by some to promote confusion between the very different terms 'fluency' and 'disfluency'. Classification [ ] Developmental stuttering is stuttering that originates when a child is learning to speak and develops as the child matures into adulthood. Other disorders with symptoms resembling stuttering include,,,,,,, and.
Developmental [ ] Stuttering is typically a beginning in early childhood and continuing into adulthood in at least 20% of affected children. The mean onset of stuttering is 30 months. Although there is variability, early stuttering behaviours usually consist of word or syllable repetitions, while secondary behaviours such as tension, avoidance or escape behaviours are absent. Most young children are unaware of the interruptions in their speech.
With young stutterers, disfluency may be episodic, and periods of stuttering are followed by periods of relatively decreased disfluency. Though the rate of early recovery is very high, with time a young person who stutters may transition from easy, relaxed repetition to more tense and effortful stuttering, including blocks and prolongations. Some propose that parental reactions may affect the development of a chronic stutter. Recommendations to 'slow down', 'take a breath', 'say it again', etc., may increase the child’s anxiety and fear, leading to more difficulties with speaking and, in the 'cycle of stuttering,' to yet more fear, anxiety and expectation of stuttering.
With time secondary stuttering, including escape behaviours such as eye blinking and lip movements, may be used, as well as fear and avoidance of sounds, words, people, or speaking situations. Eventually, many become fully aware of their disorder and begin to identify themselves as stutterers. With this may come deeper frustration, embarrassment and shame.
Other, rarer patterns of stuttering development have been described, including sudden onset with the child being unable to speak, despite attempts to do so. The child usually is unable to utter the first sound of a sentence, and shows high levels of awareness and frustration. Another variety also begins suddenly with frequent word and phrase repetition, and does not include the development of secondary stuttering behaviours.
Stuttering can also have its roots in development. Many toddlers and preschool age children stutter as they are learning to talk, and although many parents worry about it, most of these children will outgrow the stuttering and will have normal speech as they get older. Since most of these children do not stutter as adults, this normal stage of speech development is usually referred to as pseudo-stuttering or as a normal disfluency. As children learn to talk, they may repeat certain sounds, stumble on or mispronounce words, hesitate between words, substitute sounds for each other, and be unable to express some sounds.
Children with a normal disfluency usually have brief repetitions of certain sounds, syllables or short words, however, the stuttering usually comes and goes and is most noticeable when a child is excited, stressed or overly tired. Stuttering is also believed to be caused by neurophysiology. Neurogenic stuttering is a type of fluency disorder in which a person has difficulty in producing speech in a normal, smooth fashion. Individuals with fluency disorders may have speech that sounds fragmented or halting, with frequent interruptions and difficulty producing words without effort or struggle. Neurogenic stuttering typically appears following some sort of injury or disease to the central nervous system. Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, including cortex, subcortex, cerebellar, and even the neural pathway regions.
Acquired stuttering [ ] In rare cases, stuttering may be acquired in adulthood as the result of a neurological event such as a head injury, tumour, stroke, or drug use. The stuttering has different characteristics from its developmental equivalent: it tends to be limited to part-word or sound repetitions, and is associated with a relative lack of anxiety and secondary stuttering behaviors. Techniques such as altered auditory feedback (see below), which may promote decreasing disfluency in people who stutter with the developmental condition, are not effective with the acquired type. Psychogenic stuttering may also arise after a traumatic experience such as a grief, the breakup of a relationship or as the psychological reaction to physical trauma. Its symptoms tend to be homogeneous: the stuttering is of sudden onset and associated with a significant event, it is constant and uninfluenced by different speaking situations, and there is little awareness or concern shown by the speaker. Treatment [ ].
Main article: Before beginning treatment, an assessment is needed, as diagnosing stuttering requires the skills of a certified speech-language pathologist (SLP). While there is no complete cure for stuttering, several treatment options exist that help individuals to better control their speech. Many of the available treatments focus on learning strategies to minimize stuttering through speed reduction, breathing regulation, and gradual progression from single-syllable responses to longer words, and eventually more complex sentences. Furthermore, some stuttering therapies help to address the anxiety that is often elicited as a result of stuttering, and consequently exacerbates stuttering symptoms.
This method of treatment is referred to as a comprehensive approach, in which the main emphasis of treatment is directed toward improving the speaker's attitudes toward communication and minimizing the negative impact stuttering can have on the speaker's life. Treatment from a qualified S-LP can benefit people who stutter of any age.
Speech language pathologists teach people who stutter to control and monitor the rate at which they speak. In addition, people may learn to start saying words in a slightly slower and less physically tense manner. They may also learn to control or monitor their breathing. When learning to control speech rate, people often begin by practising smooth, fluent speech at rates that are much slower than typical speech, using short phrases and sentences. Over time, people learn to produce smooth speech at faster rates, in longer sentences, and in more challenging situations until speech sounds both fluent and natural. When treating stuttering in children, some researchers recommend that an evaluation be conducted every three months in order to determine whether or not the selected treatment option is working effectively.
'Follow-up' or 'maintenance' sessions are often necessary after completion of formal intervention to prevent relapse. Fluency shaping therapy [ ] Fluency shaping therapy, also known as 'speak more fluently', 'prolonged speech', or 'connected speech', trains people who stutter to speak less disfluently by controlling their breathing, phonation, and articulation (lips, jaw, and tongue). It is based on techniques. People who stutter are trained to reduce their speaking rate by stretching vowels and consonants, and using other disfluency-reducing techniques such as continuous airflow and soft speech contacts. The result is very slow, monotonic, but fluent speech, used only in the speech clinic.
After the person who stutters masters these skills, the speaking rate and intonation are increased gradually. This more normal-sounding, fluent speech is then transferred to daily life outside the speech clinic, though lack of speech naturalness at the end of treatment remains a frequent criticism. Fluency shaping approaches are often taught in intensive group therapy programs, which may take two to three weeks to complete, but more recently the Camperdown program, using a much shorter schedule, has been shown to be effective. Modification therapy [ ] The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering but to modify it so that stuttering is easier and less effortful. The rationale is that since fear and anxiety causes increased stuttering, using easier stuttering and with less fear and avoidance, stuttering will decrease.
The most widely known approach was published by in 1973 and is also known as block modification therapy. However, depending on the patient, speech therapy may be ineffective. Electronic fluency device [ ]. Main article: Altered auditory feedback, so that people who stutter hear their voice differently, has been used for over 50 years in the treatment of stuttering. Altered auditory feedback effect can be produced by speaking in chorus with another person, by blocking out the person who stutters' voice while talking (masking), by delaying slightly the voice of the person who stutters (delayed auditory feedback) or by altering the frequency of the feedback (frequency altered feedback).
Studies of these techniques have had mixed results, with some people who stutter showing substantial reductions in stuttering, while others improved only slightly or not at all. In a 2006 review of the efficacy of stuttering treatments, none of the studies on altered auditory feedback met the criteria for experimental quality, such as the presence of control groups. Medications [ ] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any drug for the direct treatment of stuttering. However, the effectiveness of pharmacological agents, such as,,, and medications, and in the treatment of stuttering has been evaluated in studies involving both adults and children. A comprehensive review of pharmacological treatments of stuttering in 2006 concluded that few of the drug trials were methodologically sound. Of those that were, only one, not unflawed study, showed a reduction in the frequency of stuttering to less than 5% of words spoken.
In addition, potentially serious of pharmacological treatments were noted, such as, sexual dysfunctions and the potential for increases. There is one new drug studied especially for stuttering named, which was found to be well-tolerated 'with only minor side-effects of and fatigue reported in a minority of those treated'. Support [ ] With existing behavioral, prosthetic, and pharmaceutical treatments providing limited relief from the overt symptoms of stuttering, support groups and the self-help movement continue to gain popularity and support by professionals and people who stutter. Self-help groups provide people who stutter a shared forum within which they can access resources and support from others facing the same challenges of stuttering.
One of the basic tenets behind the self-help movement is that since a cure does not exist, quality of life can be improved by not thinking about the stammer for prolonged periods. Psychoanalysis has claimed success in the treatment of stuttering. Hypnotherapy has also been explored as a management alternative. Support groups further focus on the fact that stuttering is not a physical impediment but a psychological one. Psychological approach [ ] has been used to treat stuttering. Also sociological approaches has been explored regarding how social groups maintain stuttering through social norms.
Diaphragmatic breathing [ ] Several treatment initiatives, for example the, and the advocate (or costal breathing) as a means by which stuttering can be controlled. Prognosis [ ] Among preschoolers, the for recovery is good. Based on research, about 65% of preschoolers who stutter recover spontaneously in the first two years of stuttering, and about 74% recover by their early teens. In particular, girls seem to recover well.
For others, early intervention is effective in helping the child overcome disfluency. Once stuttering has become established, and the child has developed secondary behaviors, the prognosis is more guarded, and only 18% of children who stutter after five years recover spontaneously.
However, with treatment young children may be left with little evidence of stuttering. With adult people who stutter, there is no known cure, though they may make partial recovery or even complete recovery with intervention. People who stutter often learn to stutter less severely, though others may make no progress with therapy. Emotional sequelae associated with stuttering primarily relates to state-dependent anxiety related to the speech disorder itself. However, this is typically isolated to social contexts that require speaking, is not a trait anxiety, and this anxiety does not persist if stuttering remits spontaneously. Research attempting to correlate stuttering with generalized or state anxiety, personality profiles, trauma history, or decreased IQ have failed to find adequate empirical support for any of these claims. Epidemiology [ ] The lifetime, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 5%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females.
However, there is not much information known about the underlying cause for such a skewed sex ratio. Most stuttering begins in early childhood, and studies suggest that 2.5% of children under the age of 5 stutter. As seen in children who have just begun stuttering, there is an equivalent number of boys and girls who stutter. Still, the sex ratio appears to widen as children grow: among preschoolers, boys who stutter outnumber girls who stutter by about a two to one ratio, or less.
This ratio widens to three to one during first grade, and five to one during fifth grade, as girls have higher recovery rates. Due to high (approximately 65–75%) rates of early recovery, the overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%. Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under the influence of the works of, who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents. Johnson claimed there were cultures where stuttering, and even the word 'stutterer', were absent (for example, among some tribes of ).
Later studies found that this claim was not supported by the facts, so the influence of cultural factors in stuttering research declined. It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs.
Some believe stuttering occurs in all cultures and races at similar rates, about 1% of general population (and is about 5% among young children) all around the world. A US-based study indicated that there were no racial or ethnic differences in the incidence of stuttering in preschool children. At the same time, there are cross-cultural studies indicating that the difference between cultures may exist. For example, summarizing prevalence studies, E.
Cooper and C. Cooper conclude: 'On the basis of the data currently available, it appears the prevalence of fluency disorders varies among the cultures of the world, with some indications that the prevalence of fluency disorders labeled as stuttering is higher among black populations than white or Asian populations' (Cooper & Cooper, 1993:197). In his 'Stuttering and its Treatment: Eleven lectures' Mark Onslow remarked that 'one recent study with many participants (N=119,367) convincingly reported more stuttering among African Americans than other Americans. Why this could be the case is challenging to explain.' Different regions of the world are researched very unevenly. The largest number of studies has been conducted in European countries and in North America, where the experts agree on the mean estimate to be about 1% of the general population (Bloodtein, 1995. A Handbook on Stuttering).
African populations, particularly from West Africa, might have the highest stuttering prevalence in the world—reaching in some populations 5%, 6% and even over 9%. Many regions of the world are not researched sufficiently, and for some major regions there are no prevalence studies at all (for example, in China).
Some claim the reason for this might be a lower incidence in the general population in China. The well-known author of, had a stammer, as did his siblings. Because of the unusual-sounding speech that is produced and the behaviors and attitudes that accompany a stutter, it has long been a subject of scientific interest and speculation as well as discrimination and ridicule. People who stutter can be traced back centuries to the likes of, who tried to control his disfluency by speaking with pebbles in his mouth. The interprets passages to indicate was also a person who stuttered, and that placing a burning coal in his mouth had caused him to be 'slow and hesitant of speech' (Exodus 4, v.10). 's humoral theories were influential in Europe in the Middle Ages for centuries afterward.
In this theory, stuttering was attributed to imbalances of the —yellow bile, blood, black bile, and phlegm., writing in the sixteenth century, proposed methods to redress the imbalance including changes in diet, reduced libido (in men only), and. Believing that fear aggravated stuttering, he suggested techniques to overcome this. Humoral manipulation continued to be a dominant treatment for stuttering until the eighteenth century. Partly due to a perceived lack of intelligence because of his stutter, the man who became the was initially shunned from the public eye and excluded from public office. In and around eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe, surgical interventions for stuttering were recommended, including cutting the tongue with scissors, removing a triangular wedge from the posterior tongue, and cutting nerves, or neck and lip muscles.
Others recommended shortening the or removing the. All were abandoned due to the high danger of bleeding to death and their failure to stop stuttering.
Less drastically, placed a small forked golden plate under the tongue in order to support 'weak' muscles. From a medieval manuscript. Italian attributed stuttering to deviations in the, a conclusion he came to via.
840–912), called Balbulus ('The Stutterer') and described by his biographer as being 'delicate of body but not of mind, stuttering of tongue but not of intellect, pushing boldly forward in things Divine,' was invoked against stammering. Famous Englishmen who stammered were King and Prime Minister, who led the UK through World War II. George VI went through years of speech therapy, most successfully under Australian speech therapist, for his stammer.
This is dealt with in the Academy Award-winning film (2010) in which plays George VI. The film is based on an original screenplay by who also used to stutter as a child until age 16.
Churchill claimed, perhaps not directly discussing himself, that '[s]ometimes a slight and not unpleasing stammer or impediment has been of some assistance in securing the attention of the audience.' However, those who knew Churchill and on his stutter believed that it was or had been a significant problem for him. His secretary commented that 'Winston Churchill was born and grew up with a stutter' in her 1941 book I was Winston Churchill's Private Secretary. She also noted about one incident 'It’s s s simply s s splendid' he stuttered, as he always did when excited.' Alber, who helped to arrange a lecture tour of the United States, wrote in Volume 55 of The American Mercury (1942) that 'Churchill struggled to express his feelings but his stutter caught him in the throat and his face turned purple' and that 'born with a stutter and a, both caused in large measure by a defect in his palate, Churchill was at first seriously hampered in his public speaking. It is characteristic of the man’s perseverance that, despite his staggering handicap, he made himself one of the greatest orators of our time.'
For centuries 'cures' such as consistently drinking water from a snail shell for the rest of one's life, 'hitting a stutterer in the face when the weather is cloudy', strengthening the tongue as a muscle, and various were used. Similarly, in the past people have subscribed to theories about the causes of stuttering which today are considered odd. Proposed causes of stuttering have included an infant too much, eating improperly during, allowing an infant to look in the mirror, cutting a child's hair before the child spoke his or her first words, having too small a tongue, or the 'work of the devil.' Some people who stutter, who are part of the, have begun to embrace their stuttering voices as an important part of their identity. In July 2015 the UK Ministry of Defence announced the launch of the Defence Stammering Network to support and champion the interests of British military personnel and MOD civil servants who stammer and to raise awareness of the condition.
Society and culture [ ]. See also: Bilingual stuttering [ ] Identification [ ] Bilingualism is often referred to those who are capable of communication in more than one language since birth and throughout childhood. Considering that language and culture are relatively fluid factors in ones understandings and production of language, it makes sense that bilingualism can be an important feature that impacts speech fluency.
There are several ways during which stuttering may be noticed in bilingual children including the following. • The child is mixing vocabulary (code mixing) from both languages in one sentence This is a normal process that helps the child increase his skills in the weaker language, but may trigger a temporary increase in disfluency. • The child is having difficulty finding the correct word to express his/her ideas resulting in an increase in normal speech disfluency. • The child is having difficulty using grammatically complex sentences in one or both languages as compared to other children of the same age. Also, the child may make grammatical mistakes. Developing proficiency in both languages may be gradual, so development may be uneven between the two languages. • Adding a second or third language between the ages of three and five years of age may cause stuttering to increase (become more severe).
However, this may be the case only when: (1) the child's first language is not strong and/or the child is experiencing difficulties in her first language, (2) One language is used more than the other or, (3) the child resists speaking the additional language. It should also be noted that stuttering may present differently depending on the languages the individual uses. For example, morphological and other linguistic differences between languages may make presentation of disfluency appear to be more or less of a problem depending on the individual case. Research [ ] Much research is being conducted to look at the prevalence of stuttering in bilingual populations and the differences between languages. For instance, one study concluded that bilingual children who spoke English and another language had an increased risk of stuttering and a lower chance of recovery from stuttering than monolingual speakers and speakers who spoke solely a language other than English. Another study, though methodologically weak, showed relatively indistinguishable percentages of monolingual and bilingual stutterers.
Due to so much conflicting data, the relationship between bilingualism and stuttering has been called enigmatic, which can demonstrate the intricacies of the topic and encourages more research to be conducted in order to sway the belief of impact the relationship between bilingualism and stuttering has. Stuttering in popular culture [ ] and musician wrote the song ' to help children who stutter overcome adversity. Born John Paul Larkin, Scatman spoke with a stutter himself and won the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Annie Glenn Award for outstanding service to the stuttering community. Fiction character from the stammered and much of the series' humour revolved around this.
Recurring character from the television franchise and the from the series by and acted by are portrayed as suffering from and overcoming their stuttering. Character has a notable stutter, which features in one of the character's most well-known catchphrases ('Th-th-th-that's all, folks!' The character's stuttering originated from the authentic stutter of the voice artist,.
Dougherty's stutter caused recording sessions to take longer than otherwise necessary, causing to replace Dougherty with, who provided Porky's voice for the rest of his life. The cartoon presents the character Keswick as stuttering. • ^ [Carlson, N. Human Communication.
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References [ ] • Guitar, Barry (2005). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment.:... • Kalinowski, JS; Saltuklaroglu, T (2006). Stuttering.: Plural Publishing... • Ward, David (2006).
Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment. And: Psychology Press... Further reading [ ] • Alm, Per A (2004). Journal of communication disorders.
37 (4): 325–69... • Alm, Per A. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. Of Clinical Neuroscience,, Sweden.
• Compton DG (1993). Stammering: its nature, history, causes and cures.
Hodder & Stoughton.. • Conture, Edward G (1990). Prentice Hall.. • Fraser, Jane (2005). If Your Child Stutters: A Guide for Parents. Stuttering Foundation of America.. • Mondlin, M., How My Stuttering Ended [Case Study, Judith M.
Kuster, Minnesota State University, Mankato] • Logan, Kenneth J. Fluency Disorders. Plural Publishing.. • Raz, Mirla G.
Preschool Stuttering: What Parents Can Do. GerstenWeitz Publishers.. • Rockey, D., Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering, Croom Helm, (London), 1980. • Goldmark, Daniel. 'Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930.' In Lerner, Neil (2006).
Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music. New York, London: Routledge.
• Howell, Peter (2011). Recovery from Stuttering. New York: Psychology Press.. External links [ ] Classification.
Mixed By: DJ DEKA Don't forget to Like & Share the mix if you enjoy it! ◢Follow Dj Deka: ★Check My Faceboook Page: ★Or My YouTube Channel: ★Download MP3: ◢Please Share this Mix on Social sites (Facebook, Google +, Twitter etc.) to more person could listen it!
Best Of Euro Dance Oldies Music 90's - 00's| Vol 1| Retro Disco Music Hits| Mixed By DJ DEKA. Best Eurodance 90's Hits Mix: Snap!
- Rhythm Is A Dancer DJ BoBo - Somebody Dance With Me Haddaway - What Is Love Captain Hollywood Project - More And More Real McCoy - Another Night Corona - The Rhythm Of The Night Dr. Alban - It's My Life Aqua - Barbie Girl Twenty 4 Seven - Slave To The Music Intermission - Piece Of My Heart Prince Ital Joe feat. Marky Mark - United Rednex - Cotton Eye Joe Culture Beat - Mr. Vain Maxx - Get Away U96 - Love Sees No Colour Loft - Hold On 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor - Dreams Ice MC - Think About The Way Cappella - U Got 2 Let the Music Mr. President - Up'n Away Scatman John - Scatman B.G. The Prince Of Rap - The Colour Of My Dreams E-Type - Set The World On Fire Jam & Spoon - Right In The Night General Base - Base Of Love Basic Element - This Must Be A Dream Magic Affair - Omen Love Message - Love Message Pandora - Don't You Know Fun Factory - Take Your Chance E-Rotic - Max Don't Have Sex With Your Ex Masterboy - Feel The Heat Of The Night 2 Unlimited - No Limit Imperio - Veni Vidi Vici 2 Fabiola - Lift U Up Pharao - There is a Star Centory - Take It To The Limit Mo-Do - Eins, Zwei, Polizei Captain Jack - Captain Jack.
Help the channel/Ajude o canal ==========//=========// =========// ==========//=========// ========== The Best Eurodance ( 90 a 99 ) - part 2 ====================================================== The Best Eurodance ( 90 a 99 ) - part 3 ====================================================== Playlist ================================== 01. Samira - When I look into you Eyes.................... Bandido - I drove all night............................
Express - I'm on your side........................ Jam & Spoon - Right in the night.....................
Ice MC - Dark night rider............................ Real McCoy - Run Away............................ Antares - Ride on a meteorite....................... Culture beat - Mr. 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor - Fly..................... Twenty 4 Seven - Take me away..................... Culture Beat - Anything..............................
DJ Bobo - Love is all around......................... Loft - Love is magic................................ Pharao - I show you secrets.........................
Captain Hollywood - More and more.................. Fun Factory - Take your chance......................
2 Raff - Don t stop the Music....................... Intermission - Piece of my Heart.................... Rochelle - Think Twice............................ Whigfield - I want to love..........................
Future City - Only Love........................... Mo-Do - Super Gut................................ Maxx - Get-a-Way................................
Masterboy - Everybody needs somebody............ General Base - I see you........................... 20 Fingers ft. Roula - Lick It........................
DJ Molella ft. The Outhere B.
- If you wanna party.. Joy Salinas - People Talk.......................... Da Blitz - Take my way............................ Mr President - Up'n Away.......................... Haddaway - What is love.......................... Randy Bush - Run, Baby, Run......................
Colour - Heat of the night......................... Capella - Move on Baby........................... Capitan Hollywood - Impossible.................... First Base - Love is Paradise....................... 2 Unlimited - Faces...............................
2 Brothers on the 4th floor - Dreams................ DJ Company - Rhythm of Love.....................
DJ Tururu - The weight of the World................ The Prince Of Rap - The color of dreams........ Haddaway - Life................................ Nicki French - Did you ever really love me..........
Whigfield - No tears to cry...................... Darude - Sandstorm............................ ATC - ATC - All around the world................ ► Eurodance 90's Megamix - Mixed by DJ EuroActive ► If you like my mix, please Like & Subscribe! ► Tracklist: 1) B.G. The Prince Of Rap - The Colour Of My Dreams (Dreamidnight-Mix) 2) 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor - Fly (Through The Starry Night) (Extended) 3) Co.Ro. - 4 Your Love (Panoramix The Druid) 4) Public Art - River II (Run Dry Remix) 5) Corona - The Rhythm Of The Night (Space Remix) (Feat.Ice MC) 6) Maxx - Get-A-Way (Club Mix) 7) Love Message - Love Message (United Maxi Mix) 8) Dance 4 Color - More Of The Hot Stuff (Extended Version) 9) E:Motion - Get Up (Extended Version) 10) Ice Mc - Take Away The Colour (HF Mix) 11) Afrika Bambaataa Presents Khayan - Feel The Vibe (Extended Club Mix) 12) Basic Element - Leave It Behind (Extended Version) 13) Antares - Ride On A Meteorite (Extended Mix) 14) Systematic - Love Is The Answer (Club Mix) 15) J.K.
- My Radio (Stay In Tune Extended) 16) Molella - Change (Original Mix) 17) 2 Raff - Don't Stop The Music (Raffneck Ragga 12 Inch Mix) 18) Rapture - Music Is My Life (Stateside Mix) 19) Fun Factory - Fun Factorys Groove (Instrumental) ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ This is for entertainment purposes only! I do not own the rights to any of the songs in this video. This is a new compilation containing all the greatest 90s Eurodance hits from the Flying Records catalogue. You can find it here on YouTube, on Spotify, iTunes and all the other digital stores!
Tracklist: 1 - Dee D. Jackson - Meteor Man (Vocal Version) 0:00 2 - Indiana - Together Again (Ti.pi.cal. Extended) 5:17 3 - Alfa Gamma - Somebody Move (Extended Remix) 11:19 4 - Dj Martin - Explosive Melody (Main Idea Extended Mix) 16:17 5 - Taleesa - Falling in Love (Original Beat Mix) 21:40 6 - D. - Making Again (Club Mix) 26:22 7 - The End - Feel the Vibe (Radio Mix) 31:15 8 - D.J. CERLA with Jo Smith - Because! (Club Extended) 35:16 9 - One Shot - Set You Free (Cut One) 41:08 10 - D.J. CERLA & Moratto - Wonder (Plumcake Edit) 46:11 11 - Chakra - Babies Are Crazy (Radio Mix) 51:17 12 - N.f.l.
Limited - Love is a Fiction (Explosion Mix) 55:31 13 - Moratto - Warriors (Datura Main Mix) 1:00:55 14 - F.r. Connection ft. Master Freez - Without your Love (Ext) 1:05:22 15 - D.F.A.
- Keep in My Way (Original Club) 1:09:53 16 - Sky Boy - Hyperspace 1:16:09 17 - Oscar B - Voyager (Oscar B Mix) 1:21:26 18 - Positive with Gianni Parrini - Traum (Original Version) 1:27:03 19 - Darry Hard - So Much Baby (Hogiga Mix) 1:33:37 20 - Kuantize - Overflow (Attack Mix) 1:39:03 21 - El Sonido - Disco Lovers (Moratto Remix) 1:44:27 22 - Adonix - Passion Eterna (Extended Mix) 1:49:21 23 - Mt Production - Emrgency (Zone Version) 1:55:44 24 - S.O.S. - Take on Me (Alex G. Version) 2:01:38 25 - Urban Effect - Waiting for Love (Daniel Mix) 2:06:07 Download via iTunes: Or Beatport: Follow Flying Records on: Facebook: Twitter: Spotify: http://spoti.fi/1xw0w9c.
Eurodance 90s Mega Mix / more than 1 hour of free Party Music (Revolution in Paradise and more) The 90s were a very funny decade of music with hits like Snap - Rhythm is a dancer, Dr. Alban - It's my life, Culture Beat - Mr. Vain, 2 Unlimited - No Limit and many more. Here you can find a nice collection of Eurodance Hits! Enjoy the 90s! Buy on ITunes: // taken from the album 90s Eurodance Hitmix Tracklisting: Heath Hunter - Revolution in Paradise Cruiser - Fun in the Sun Heath Hunter - Master and Servant Double Active - Hocus Pocus La Tour - Dancers in the Night Heath Hunter - Love is all around La Tour - Total Control Panoramic - In the midnight Heath Hunter - Walking on Clouds La Tour - Ready for the Night Shabala - Kumbamaya Mr.
Kash - Born to love you Shabala - Mandala La Tour - Seven Wonders Flash - In the Middle of the Night Ritmo Ritmo - Ritmo Ritmo Ritmo Ritmo - Matador Shabala - Yeka Yeka Shabala - Shantanyosa Wikipedia Eurodance Deutsch: Wikipedia about Eurodance: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance. Eurodance Megamix 90s Hits Mix Disco Dance Music Turn ON Captions to see the titles while playing I Love 90's - Eurodance 90s Music Megamix Best Disco Dance Retro Mix Flashback (48 songs) This mix includes my personal selection with only the best of the best hits. It brings me back to my teen years and also returns a lot of good memories.
Do you feel the nostalgia as I do? Bring back your mind to that good old time and please promise that you will never forget the 90's This is the real music! 00:00 Snap - Rhythm Is A Dancer 00:37 Culture Beat - Mr. 01.Culture Beat - Mr. Vain 02.Playahitty - The Summer Is Magic 03.Cappella - U Got 2 Let The Music 04.Ice MC - Think About The Way 05.La Bouche - Be My Lover 06.General Base - Base Of Love 07.B.G.
The Prince Of Rap - The Colour Of My Dreams 08.Jam & Spoon Feat Plavka - Right In The Night (Fall In Love With Music) 09.Activate - Save Me 10.Mr. President - Up'n Away 11.Air-Robic - 5+1 (In The Summer Sun) 12.Maxx - No More (I Can't Stand It) 13.3-O-Matic - Success 14.Bang - You Know, I Know (The Game Of Love) 15.E-Rotic - Max Don't Have Sex With Your Ex 16.Odyssey - Move Your Body 17.Intermission Feat Lori Glori - Six Days 18.K.O.' - Michael Buffer - Let's Get Ready To Rumble 19.2 Unlimited - No Limit 20.Masterboy - Feel The Heat Of The Night 21.Imperio - Veni Vidi Vici 22.U 96 - Heaven 23.Souladelic - I Want Your Body. Playlist: Scooter - Endless Summer 0:03 - Ice Mc - Think About The Way 0:11 - Corona - Rhythm of the Night 0:30 - Maxx - Get A Way 1:00 - Ice Mc - Think About The Way 1:14 - Tag Team - Whoomp There It Is 1:28 - Ice MC - It's a Rainy Day 1:57 - B.G The Prince Of Rap - The Colour Of My Dreams 2:26 - Intermission - Piece Of My Heart 2:54 - Ace of Base - Cruel Summer 3:08 - Capella - U Got 2 Let The Music 3:23 - Dr. Alban - It's My Life 3:51 - Love Message - Love Message 4:19 - Corona - I don't wanna be a Star 4:33 - Masterboy - Feel The Heat Of The Night 4:48 - Fun Factory - Close To You 5:22 - Culture Beat - Got To Get It 5:39 - DJ BoBo - Love is all around 5:46 - Culture Beat - Mr. Vain 6:43 - Masterboy - I Got To Give It Up 7:26 - Loft - Hold on 7:55 - DJ Cargo feat Robson and Pati - Move Your Body 8:22 - DJ BoBo - Let the dream come true 8:45 - La Bouche - Sweet Dreams 9:13 - La Bouche - Be My Lover 9:33 - Gina G - Ooh Aah.
Just A Little Bit 9:55 - Garcia - Vamonos 10:12 - Quad City DJ's - Space Jam 10:32 - Reel 2 Real - I Like To Move It 10:46 - Whigfield - Saturday Night 11:06 - Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee) 11:26 - 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor - Dreams 11:49 - Sebastian - Shut up and sleep with me 11:54 - Mr. President - Up`n Away 12:22 - Magic Affair - Omen III 12:40 - Corona - Rhythm of the Night 12:59 - Haddaway - Life 13:40 - Dario G - Carnaval de Paris 13:54 - Loft - Love Is Magic 14:12 - Jam & Spoon Feat. Plavka - Right In The Night 14:30 - Corona - Try Me Out 14:44 - Aqua - Barbie Girl 15:00 - Le Click - Tonight Is The Night 15:25 - Corona - Baby Baby 15:40 - Sash! - Ecuador 15:53 - Sandy - Bad Boy 16:21 - Haddaway - Catch a Fire 16:48 - Cappella - Move on baby 17:02 - Gigi D'Agostino - Bla Bla Bla 17:16 - Loona - Bailando 17:43 - Real McCoy - Automatic Lover 17:57 - Corona - The Summer is Magic 18:11 - Scatman John - Scatman 18:24 - Haddaway - Rock My Heart 18:54 - Urban Cookie Collective - The Key, The Secret 19:05 - Ann Lee - Two Times 19:51 - Vengaboys - Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!
20:00 - Cher - Believe 20:14 - Vengaboys - We like to Party! (The Vengabus) 21:02 - Loona - Latino Lover 21:32 - Rednex - Cotton Eye Joe 22:11 - Snap! - Rhythm is a Dancer 22:52 - Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee). For high sound quality, please listen this edition: Here is my latest re-mixed with best dance hits of 90's and better sound quality. Hope you gonna enjoy listening this.Please feel free to leave your comment.***If your acces is banned in your country due to copyright restrictions, you can listen my mix by clicking on following link:------------------------- ENJOY ---------------------------------------- This is for entertainment purposes only! I do not own the rights to any of the songs in this video.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tracklist: DJ Bobo - Somebody Dance With Me (00:00) Captain Hollywood Project - More And More (02:43) Corona - The Rhythm Of The Night (06:08) Haddaway - Rock My Heart (08:55) Real McCoy - Run Away (11:32) 2 Raff - Don't Stop The Music (Raffneck Ragga 12 Inch Mix) (15:03 or 15:16) Snipers – Fire (19:54) Culture Beat - Got To Get It (Album Version) (24:14) Culture Beat - Mr. Vain (Album Version) (28:02) Maxx - Get-A-Way (33:13) Th Express - I'm On Your Side (Extended Version) (35:37 or 35:47) La Bouche - Sweet Dreams (39:30) Basic Element - Leave It Behind (42:36) Capella - Turn It Up And Down (45:44 or 45:55) Capella - U And Me (48:08) In Colour - I Wanna Give It To You (Radio Mix) (50:38) 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor - Dreams (Will Come Alive) (52:33) Future Beat feat. Megatronic - Into The Fire (56:20) Basic Element - How To Come Close To You (Single Basic Mix) (1:00:53) Orange Blue - If You Wanna Be (My Only) (Happy Mix) (1:03:29 or 1:03:43) Eclipse - Let The Rhythm Move You (1:08:31 or 1:08:45) Priority - Time To Unite (Syntheseum Mix) (1:11:50 or 1:12:24) 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor - Do It (1:16:31) Basic Element - This Must Be A Dream (1:19:17) Afrika Bambaataa pres. Khayan - Feel The Vibe (Extended Club Mix) (1:21:43) E-Rotic - Max Don't Have Sex With Your Ex (Extended Version) (1:27:07) Sandy - Bad Boy (Dwa Radio Mix) (1:31:05) Future City - Only Love (1:34:34) Darkness - In My Dreams (1:38:46) First Base - Love Is Paradise (Radio Edit) (1:42:36) K. Da' Cruz - Love Is Lifting Me Higher (Extended Mix) (1:45:42) Mixed by Geo_b Timepoints: SuperFlashDriver (S.F.D.
For short) -------------------------------------------------------------------- Check out my channel for more 90's mixes! Hi, I'm Just Another Bedroom DJ. 'Show more' for info & tracklist. A very special birthday mix is a perfect excuse to rinse out all these golden oldies. All the tracks are shown with their associated original music video. Tracks (145-160 BPM): E-type - This is the Way Amen - Passion Running Though My Veins Mo-Do - Eins Zwei Polizei 2 Unlimited - No Limit Ice mc - Take Away the Colour Masterboy - Feel the Heat of the Night Maxx - Get Away Cappella - U Got 2 Let The Music Anticapella - Move Your Body Moby - Feeling So Real Scooter - Move Your Ass Digital Boy with Asia - The Mountain of King Apologies for posting this on a new channel (original channel is youtube.com/user/neurocrater), Google won't allow me to upload videos over a 15-minute length because obviously I am a dirty scumbag copyright thief.
Magic Affair - Give Me All Your Love 1994 Imperio - Cyberdream 1996 Ice MC - Music For Money 1996 Soultans - Cant Take My Hands Off You 1996 Pharao - World Of Magic 1995 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor - Dreams (1994) Fun Factory - Take Your Chance The Free Dance - The Night Away 1995 Eurogroove - It s On You Scan Me 1994 E Type - Set The World On Fire 1995 2 Unlimited - Do what's good for me Mc Sar & The Real McCoy - Automatic Lover 1994 Mo-Do - Gema Tanzen U S U R A - Open Your Mind 1992 Pharao -There Is A Star Encore! Garcia - Bamboleo 2. Loft - Majorka 3. President - Jojo Action 4.
President - Coco Jambo 5. Alexis - Uh La La La 6. Ace Of Base - All That She Wants 7.
Alexis - The Summer Is Crazy 8. Amber - This Is Your Night 9. Captain Jack - Captain Jack 10.
C-block - We believe 11. Centory feat. - Girl You Know It's True 12.
Culture Beat - Mr. Alban - Its My Life 14. Eiffel 65 - I'm Blue 15. Everything But The Girl - Missing 16.
Ice MC - It's A Rainy Day 17. - Think about the way 18. Killer - Adamski 19.
Naturally 7 - Feel it in the air tonight 20. No Mercy - Where Do You Go. Eurodance classic 90s (Dance mix) Tracklist: 1.Loree Williams-I Keep Lovin' You 00:00 2.Pearl feat. Zaradika - Celebrate (radio mix) 03:25 3.Passpar-2 feat. Sydney Fresh & MC J - My Fantasy (Radio Mix) 07:17 4.Reggy O - Move My Body (Extended Mix) 11:05 5.Sirius - This Is My Life (137 bass kick mix) 16:53 6.Sharif - Pearls Of Peace 22:50 7.Stanley Foort - Love Makes The World Go Round 26:35 8.Shannon James - Far Away (Factory Team Edit) 30:29 9.Shine - By The Light Of Nature 35:40 10.The Free - Children Of The Night 39:45 11.Rama - Light My Fire (Optical 2 Hit Mix) 45:21 12.Vertical Vibe - Everybodys Free (Extended Mix) 49:09. This may not show on a mobile or a tablet.Watch here:Back to 90's with E-type's classic Eurohits!! Hit after hit!!!
True Believer,Eurofighter, Life, Set the World on fire, Here I go again, I'm flying, Back In the loop, Africa, Fight It Back Russian lullaby,This is the way & Angels crying!!! This mix is made for non-profit promotional use only.Fair use.All the rights to the songs are owned by the original owners.This mix is a fan -made personal mix.Not the artist§ or the record company have been involved.Jiipee Mix.
For full mix edition, click here: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I did this special mix for you guys,i have chosen the best dance hits of 90's,hope that you gonna enjoy listening this mix! Click here for: 'Cream Dance Hits of 90's - In the Mix - First Part!' ' and 'Cream Dance Hits of 90's - In the Mix - Third Part!'
I want to thank you guys for your nice comments on this video!! ----------------------------- ENJOY ------------------------------ This is for entertainment purposes only! I do not own the rights to any of the songs in this video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exact timepoints of Each song: 1.
La Bouche - Be My Lover 00:00 2. Orange Blue - If You Wanna Be 02:42 or 03:05 3. Priority - Time To Unite (Syntheseum Mix) 05:59 4. Eclipse - Let The Rhythm Move You (extended edit) 10:55 5. 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor - Do It 15:54 or 16:13 6.
Africa Bambataa - Feel The Vibe 18:33 7. Basic Element - This Must Be A Dream 24:03 8. E-Rotic - Max Don't Have Sex With Your Ex (extended version) 27:35 9. Future City - Only Love (extended mix) 31:54 10. Taleesa - I Found Luv (Time Mix) 37:18 11. Darkness - In My Dreams 41:42 12.
2 Fabiola - Lift U Up 45:19 13. K Da Cruz - Love Is Lifting Me Higher 48:12 or 48:38 14. Bushman - No 1 Else (extended mix) 52:55 or 53:06 Mixed by: Geo_b Timepoints: SuperFlashDriver (S.F.D. For short) -------------------------------------------------------------------- Check out my channel for more 90's mixes!